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COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates and Abortion-Derived Cell Lines – Charlotte Lozier Institute

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 2 June 2021

Accurate information about the development and production of COVID-19 vaccines is essential, especially because many proposed candidates use newer molecular technologies for production of a viral vaccine. One concern regarding the ethical assessment of viral vaccine candidates is the potential use of abortion-derived cell lines in the development, production or testing of a vaccine. This analysis utilizes data from the primary scientific literature when available, along with data from clinical trial documents, reputable vaccine tracking websites, and published commercial information.1 It is the hope that by providing accurate data, recipients can make well-informed decisions regarding vaccine choices.

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Candidates *Last Updated 2 June 2021*					DOES NOT USE abortion-derived cell line DOES USE abortion-derived cell line SOME tests DO NOT use abortion-derived cells, SOME DO. � Currently undetermined
Sponsor(s)¹	Country	Strategy²	Clinical Trial Status³	Public Funding⁴	Design & Development	Production	Confirm-atory Lab Tests

WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE – LIVE ATTENUATED or INACTIVATED
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm	China	Inactivated virus “BBIBP-CorV” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 7May2021 Early approval in China Phase 3 Phase 3		Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020	Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020	Cytopathic test Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm	China	Inactivated virus “New Crown COVID-19” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Early approval in China Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020	Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020	Plaque reduction neutralization test Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020
Bharat Biotech/Indian Council of Medical Research	India	Inactivated virus “BBV152” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	India EUA granted Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020	Vero monkey cells Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020	Antibody ELISA Plaque reduction Vero monkey cellsYadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	China	Inactivated virus “SARS-CoV-2 vaccine” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020	Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020	Antibody ELISA Neutralizing antibody cytopathic effect Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020 Supplement
John Paul II Medical Research Institute	USA	Live attenuated virus	Pre-clinical		Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy	Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	�
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems	Kazakhstan	Inactivated virus “QazCovid-in” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		�	�	�
Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd.	China	Inactivated virus “CoronaVac” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 1June2021 Phase 4 China granted conditional marketing authorization 8Feb2021 Chile, Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia EUA granted Phase 3 Early approval in China Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020	protein test HEK293 cells Supplement Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020
Valneva and Dynavax	France USA UK	Inactivated Virus “VLA2001” plus adjuvant CpG1018 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Same platform as IXIARO, Valneva press release, 22April2020 Valneva COVID-19 – VLA2001	�

VIRAL VECTOR-BASED VACCINE
Altimmune	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “AdCOVID” Given: Intranasal 1-2 doses	Phase 1/2		PER.C6 cells	PER.C6 cells Same platform as NasoVAX NasoVAX uses PER.C6 Licensed PER.C6 from Janssen
AstraZeneca University of Oxford	USA UK	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “AZD1222” “ChAdOX1nCoV-19” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on 15Feb2021 UK EUA granted India EUA granted Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2/3 Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1.2 Billion CEPI up to $384 Million	HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells van Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020	HEK293 cellsvan Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020 MRC-5 cells Almuqrin et al., ResearchSquare 20Oct2020
CanSino Biologics, Inc. Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China	China	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “Ad5-nCoV” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	EUA in Chile, Hungary, Pakistan, Mexico Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 1		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Biospace, 12May2020
Gamaleya Research Institute	Russia	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vectors (rAd26-S+rAd5-S) “Gam-COVID-Vac” “Sputnik V” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 EUA in 39 countries as of Mar2021 Early approval in Russia August 2020 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Gamaleya has not published details on this vaccine, but has posted information on use of cell lines for their other adenoviral vaccines
ImmunityBio and NantKwest	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector recombinant “hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD” Given: Subcutaneous	Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1		E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells) Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020	E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells) Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020	Protein and antibody tests HEK293T cells Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020 Seiling et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Institut Pasteur and Themis and Merck	USA France	Replication-competent recombinant measles virus “TMV-083” Given: Intramuscular	Development Discontinued Phase 1/2Phase 1	CEPI up to $4.9 Million	HEK293T Development and rescue of recombinant measles virus Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement “SARS-CoV-2 S-encoding vaccine candidates… were generated as described previously”	Vero monkey cells Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement	Lentiviral vectors for antigenic DCFusogenic testHEK293TFusogenic testS protein expressionVero monkey cellsHörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement
Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR)	Israel	Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “IIBR-100” Given: Intramuscular1 dose	Phase 1/2		BHK hamster cells Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020	Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020	Plaque reduction; immunofluorescence Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020
Janssen Research & Development, Inc. Johnson & Johnson	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “Ad26.COV2-S” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose (some trials use 2 doses, 8 weeks apart)	FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,457,887,081 total	PER.C6 cells	PER.C6 cells Tostanoski et al., Nature Medicine, 3Sept2020; J&J, 30March2020; Janssen Vaccine Technologies
Laboratorio Avi-Mex	Mexico	Live recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing spike-fusion chimeric protein “Patria” Given: Intramuscular or Intranasal	Phase 1		Bacterial cells BSRT7 hamster cells Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020	� Chicken eggs Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020	� Neutralization Assay Vero monkey cells Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020
Meissa Vaccines, Inc.	USA	Live attenuated recombinant RSV viral vector “MV-014-210” Given: Intranasal 1-3 doses (5 weeks apart)	Phase 1			Vero monkey cells Spike expressing, Based on recombinant RSV platform	�
Rega Institute, KU Leuven	Belgium	Replication-competent attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) vector “YF-S0” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Pre-clinical		BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020	BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020	Antibody titer Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Immunoblot BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020
ReiThera	Italy	Replication-deficient simian adenovirus encoding S “GRAd COV2” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Phase 2/3 Phase 1		HEK293T cells Development and rescue of recombinant Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020	HEK293T cells Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020	HEK293T cells Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020
Merck and IAVI	USA	Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “V590” Given: Intramuscular	Development Discontinued Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $38,033,570	Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Use rVSV Ervebo platform Ervebo uses Vero cell culture-11 Description	�
Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute	China	Lentivirus minigenes + Adult human APC (antigen-presenting cells) “COVID-19/aAPC” Given: Subcutaneous 3 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 1		�		�
Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute	China	Lentivirus minigenes + Adult human CD/T cells (dendritic cells and T cells) “LV-SMENP-DC” Given: Subcutaneous and Intravenous 1 dose	Phase 1/2		�		�
Vaxart	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “VXA-CoV2-1” plus dsRNA adjuvant Given: Oral 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Moore et al., bioRxiv 6Sept2020
PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences	China	Protein vaccine Recombinant RBD dimer plus adjuvant ”ZF2001” Given: Intramuscular 2 or 3 doses (28 days apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1		HEK293T cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020	CHO hamster cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020
Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.	China	Protein vaccine “SCB-2019” plus adjuvant CpG 1018 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1	CEPI up to $69.5 Million	cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells Liang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020 Trimer-Tag system; Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017	CHO hamster cells Trimer-Tag system; Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017	PseudovirusHEK293 cellsRef’d: Nie et al., Emerging Microbes & Infections 24Mar2020Cytopathic effect Vero monkey cellsLiang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020
COVAXX and United Biomedical	USA Taiwan	Protein vaccine “UB-612” S1-RBD-protein; Multitope Peptide-Based Vaccine (MVP) Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1		cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020	CHO hamster cells Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020	Antibody blocked binding to hACE2 HEK293 Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020
Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vektor”	Russia	Protein vaccine “EpiVacCorona” chemically synthesized peptide antigens of SARS-CoV-2, conjugated to a carrier protein adsorbed on an aluminum-containing adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Early approval in Russia Oct 2020 Phase 1/2		�	chemically synthesized peptide antigens	�
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Cuba	Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-1” (“Soberana 01”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2 Phase 1		� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	�
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Cuba	Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-2” (“Soberana 02”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike chemically bound tetanus toxoid + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2 Phase 1		� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	�
John Paul II Medical Research Institute	USA	Recombinant Protein Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	Pre-clinical		Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy	Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	�
Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc. (British American Tobacco)	USA	Protein vaccine “KBP-201” Plant-expressed RBD Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2		Recombinant DNA sequence for RBD of SARS-CoV-2	Plant expression of RBD peptide	�
Medicago	Canada	Protein on Virus-Like Particle “CoVLP” Plant-expressed spike protein particle with adjuvant, CpG1018 or AS03 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1		Recombinant DNA sequence in Agrobacterium, transformation of plant cells	Plant expression of protein and VLP Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Migal Galilee Research Institute	Israel	Protein vaccine E. coli expressed chimeric S and N proteins Given: Oral	Pre-clinical		�	Bacterial production system MigVax’s corona subunit vaccine	�
Novavax	USA	Protein vaccine “NVX-CoV2373” Baculovirus expression plus Matrix M adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,600,434,523 CEPI up to $388 Million		Sf9 insect cells Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020 Bangaru et al., Supplement Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020; Graphical view	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020 Bangaru et al., Supplement Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020
Sanofi and GSK Protein Sciences	USA France	Protein vaccine Baculovirus expression plus AS03 adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $2,072,775,336 total	Recombinant baculovirus Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021	Sf9 insect cells Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021 Baculovirus expressed recombinant protein	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021
Sorrento	USA	Protein vaccine “T-VIVA-19” SARS-Cov-2 spike protein S1 domain fused with human IgG-Fc Given: Intramuscular	Pre-clinical			CHO cells Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020	Antibody ELISA; Neutralization assays Vero monkey cells Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020
Sorrento	USA	Protein vaccine “STI-6991” SARS-Cov-2 spike protein expressed on K562 cells	Pre-clinical		�	K562 cells Concept: Ji et al., Medicine in Drug Discovery March2020	�
University of Pittsburgh	USA	Protein vaccine Adenovirus-expressed recombinant proteins “PittCoVacc” Given: Microneedle arrays	Pre-clinical		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Kim et al., EBioMedicine , 2April2020
University of Queensland and CSL Ltd.	Australia	Protein vaccine “V451” Recombinant protein with proprietary molecular clamp Given: Intramuscular	HALTED Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1	CEPI up to $4.5 Million		expiCHO hamster cells	�
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) / U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command	USA	Protein vaccine ”SpFN” Spike-Ferritin nanoparticle with ALFQ adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2-3 doses (4 weeks apart; plus 6 months after initial injection)	Phase 1		Expi293 cells Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021	Expi293 cells Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Virus neutralization Vero monkey cells Joyce et al., bioRxiv 25Mar2021 & Supplement

RNA VACCINE
Arcturus Therapeutics	USA	mRNA vaccine self-transcribing, replicating “LUNAR-CoV19” (“ARCT-021”) in vitro transcription reaction with T7 RNA polymerase from STARR plasmid template LUNAR proprietary lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020	protein test HEK293 Protein expression Hep3b cells Plaque reduction neutralization Vero monkey cells de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020
CureVac	Germany	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “CVnCoV” in vitro transcription lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1	CEPI up to $15.3 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021	Protein test Reticulocyte lysate, HeLa cells Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021
Imperial College London	UK	mRNA vaccine Self-amplifying ”LNP-nCoVsaRNA” in vitro transcription lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses	Phase 1		Expression plasmid HEK293 cells McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021	No cells used McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021
Moderna, Inc. with National Institutes of Health	USA	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “mRNA-1273” T7 RNA polymerase-mediated transcription from DNA plasmid template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	*FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved* Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $2,479,894,979 total CEPI up to $1 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Plaque reduction neutralization Vero monkey cells Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020
Pfizer and BioNTech	USA Germany	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “BNT-162a1,b1,b2,b3,c2” nucleoside-modified mRNA in vitro transcribed by T7 polymerase from a plasmid DNA template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	*FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved* UK EUA granted Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1.95 Billion	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Neutralization assay Vero monkey cells Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020
Providence Therapeutics	Canada	mRNA vaccine “PTX-COVID19-B” mRNA in vitro transcription from plasmid template using T7 RNA polymerase LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1		HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021	No cells used Cision, 5Aug2020 Providence Therapeutics Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021	Pseudovirus, serum neutralization HEK293T cells Vero monkey cells Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021
Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio	USA France	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “MRT5500” synthesized by in vitro transcription employing RNA polymerase with a plasmid DNA template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2		HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021	No cells used Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021 Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020 mRNA production in the lab ; Translate Bio scientific platform	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021 Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020

DNA VACCINE
Genexine	Korea	DNA vaccine “GX-19” DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector Given: Intramuscular and Electroporation 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021	No cells used Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021
Inovio Pharmaceuticals	USA	DNA vaccine “INO-4800” DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector Given: Intradermal Electroporation 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed CEPI up to $22.5 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Smith et al., Nature 20May2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Smith et al., Nature 20May2020
Osaka University, AnGes, Takara Bio	Japan	DNA vaccine “AG0301-COVID19” “AG0302-COVID19” Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli Pressure injector Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used E. coli</em Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021	Virus neutralization Vero E6 cells monkey cells Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021
Symvivo Corporation	Canada	DNA vaccine “bacTRL-spike” Genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum Given: Oral, bacteria bind to gut lining 1 dose	Phase 1		�	No cells used	�
Zydus Cadila	India	DNA vaccine “ZyCov-D” Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli Given: Intramuscular 3 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No eukaryotic cells used E. coli</em Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021	Expression analysis Plaque reduction Vero cells monkey cells Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021 Yadav et al., bioRxiv, 3Feb2021

http://archive.today/2022.06.16-202534/https://lozierinstitute.org/update-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-and-abortion-derived-cell-lines/

Tags Aborted Fetal Cells, Abortion, BNT162b2, Charlotte Lozier Institute, COVID-19, Fetal Cells, HEK293T, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, mRNA, PER.C6, Pfizer, Research, Vaccination, WI-38

Publications

Had COVID? You’ll probably make antibodies for a lifetime – Nature

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 26 May 2021

People who recover from mild COVID-19 have bone-marrow cells that can churn out antibodies for decades, although viral variants could dampen some of the protection they offer.

Many people who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 will probably make antibodies against the virus for most of their lives. So suggest researchers who have identified long-lived antibody-producing cells in the bone marrow of people who have recovered from COVID-19.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01442-9

Tags Antibodies, Bone Marrow Plasma Cells, COVID-19, Dr. Ali Ellebedy, Immunity, Memory B Cells, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Protein, Washington University

Publications

Risk in Vaccine Research and Development Quantified – PLOS ONE

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 20 May 2021

Published in 20th March 2013

A database was actively compiled to include all vaccine projects in development from 1998 to 2009 in the pre-clinical development phase, clinical trials phase I, II and III up to Market Registration. The average vaccine, taken from the preclinical phase, requires a development timeline of 10.71 years and has a market entry probability of 6%. Stratification by disease area reveals pandemic influenza vaccine targets as lucrative.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0057755

Tags Clinical, Financial Incentives, Influenza, Pharmaceutical Industry, PLOS ONE, Trials, Vaccination

Publications

The four phases of clinical trials – Pfizer

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 20 May 2021

The process of learning about and developing an investigational medicine is divided into four phases. At first, very few people receive the medicine being studied. The number of people participating in clinical studies grows along with our understanding of the investigational medicine, and the research continues as long as the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

https://www.pfizer.com/science/clinical-trials/guide-to-clinical-trials/phases

Tags Clinical, Pfizer, Pharmaceutical Industry, Studies, Trials

Publications

Graphene – All You Need to Know – nanowerk

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 16 May 2021

The use of graphene-based materials in pharmaceutical nanotechnology has recently received more attention due to their unique chemical structure and physicochemical properties—including an ultra-high surface area, optical, thermal and electrical conductivities, and a good biocompatibility.

GO nanosheets tend to be hydrophilic and the surface contains reactive groups for an increased functionality or for loading drugs through covalent and non-covalent interactions. In addition, graphene-based nanomaterials can also be functionalized with diagnostic probes that have fluorescent and/or luminescent properties and can target ligands such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, antibodies, lipids, carbohydrates and folic acid.

In pharmaceutical applications, graphene-based nanomaterials possess a lot of potential for improving drug circulation times, in target drug and gene delivery systems, for acting as therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools, as well as graphene nanotheranostic agents that combine both diagnostic and therapy approaches in a single system.

The use of graphene-based materials in pharmaceutical nanotechnology has recently received more attention due to their unique chemical structure and physicochemical properties—including an ultra-high surface area, optical, thermal and electrical conductivities, and a good biocompatibility.

GO nanosheets tend to be hydrophilic and the surface contains reactive groups for an increased functionality or for loading drugs through covalent and non-covalent interactions. In addition, graphene-based nanomaterials can also be functionalized with diagnostic probes that have fluorescent and/or luminescent properties and can target ligands such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, antibodies, lipids, carbohydrates and folic acid.

In pharmaceutical applications, graphene-based nanomaterials possess a lot of potential for improving drug circulation times, in target drug and gene delivery systems, for acting as therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools, as well as graphene nanotheranostic agents that combine both diagnostic and therapy approaches in a single system.

An international team of researchers has developed a drug delivery technique that utilizes graphene strips as “flying carpets” to deliver two anticancer drugs sequentially to cancer cells, with each drug targeting the distinct part of the cell where it will be most effective. The technique was found to perform better than either drug in isolation when tested in a mouse model targeting a human lung cancer tumor.

https://web.archive.org/web/20220403192812/https://www.nanowerk.com/what_is_graphene.php

Tags Biotechnology, Gene Delivery Systems, Graphene, Materials, Nanotechnology, nanowerk, Pharmaceutical Industry, Science, Technology

Publications

Human Augmentation – The Dawn of a New Paradigm – GOV.UK

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 13 May 2021

The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (DCDC) has worked in partnership with the German Bundeswehr Office for Defence Planning to understand the future implications of human augmentation (HA), setting the foundation for more detailed Defence research and development.

The project incorporates research from German, Swedish, Finnish and UK Defence specialists to understand how emerging technologies such as genetic engineering, bioinformatics and the possibility of brain-computer interfaces could affect the future of society, security and Defence. The ethical, moral and legal challenges are complex and must be thoroughly considered, but HA could signal the coming of a new era of strategic advantage with possible implications across the force development spectrum.

HA technologies provides a broad sense of opportunities for today and in the future. There are mature technologies that could be integrated today with manageable policy considerations, such as personalised nutrition, wearables and exoskeletons. There are other technologies in the future with promises of bigger potential such as genetic engineering and brain-computer interfaces. The ethical, moral and legal implications of HA are hard to foresee but early and regular engagement with these issues lie at the heart of success.

Original: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/human-augmentation-the-dawn-of-a-new-paradigm

Archive: http://archive.today/2021.09.12-013335/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/human-augmentation-the-dawn-of-a-new-paradigm

Notes:

Commentary on this document can be found at the Corbett Report Episode 405 – Designing Humans for Fun and Profit. Time reference 21min 15sec
See also: A “Leap” toward Humanity’s Destruction by Whitney Webb.

Tags Bioinformatics, Brain-computer Interfaces, Defence, Development Concepts and Doctrine Centre, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Genetic Engineering, German Bundeswehr Office for Defence Planning, German Federal Ministry of Defence, GOV.UK, Human Augmentation, Military, Minitry of Defence, The Corbett Report, The Great Reset, Transhumanism, UK, Wearable Computing

Publications

Vaccinating children against SARS-CoV-2 – BMJ

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 13 May 2021

Hard to justify right now for most children in most countries

Following widespread vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 of older adults and other highly vulnerable groups, some high income countries are now considering vaccinating children; just days ago, the US Food and Drug Administration authorized the use of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in children 12-15 years of age. Young people have been largely spared from severe covid-19 so far, and the value of childhood vaccination against respiratory viruses in general remains an open question for three reasons: the limited benefits of protection in age groups that experience only mild disease; the limited effects on transmission because of the range of antigenic types and waning vaccine induced immunity; and the possibility of unintended consequences related to differences in vaccine induced and infection induced immunity. We discuss each in turn.

https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1197

Tags BioNTech, BMJ, Children, COVID-19, FDA, mRNA, Pfizer, Risk, SARS-CoV-2, Side-effects, Transmission, Vaccination, Vaccine Damage

Publications

Skeptical of medical science reports? – NCBI

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 May 2021

“It is simply no longer possible to believe much of the clinical research that is published, or to rely on the judgment of trusted physicians or authoritative medical guidelines. I take no pleasure in this conclusion, which I reached slowly and reluctantly over my two decades as editor of The New England Journal of Medicine”.

More recently, Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, wrote that “The case against science is straightforward: much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue. Afflicted by studies with small sample sizes, tiny effects, invalid exploratory analyses, and flagrant conflicts of interest, together with an obsession for pursuing fashionable trends of dubious importance, science has taken a turn towards darkness”.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572812/

Tags Medicine, NCBI, Science, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine

Publications

COVID-19 vaccine refusal is higher among health and social care workers who feel pressured by their employers – London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 May 2021

Health and social care workers who felt under greater pressure from their employers to receive COVID-19 vaccination were more likely to decline it, according to preliminary new research highlighting factors influencing uptake.

https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2021/covid-19-vaccine-refusal-higher-among-health-and-social-care-workers-who-feel

Tags BAME, COVID-19, Dr. Sadie Bell, Employment, Ethnic Minority, Health Care Workers, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NHS Race and Health Observatory, Public Health England, The National Institute for Health Research, Vaccination, Vaccine Hesitancy

Publications

Social bonds in response to the Covid-19 crisis: when financial markets save lives

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 6 May 2021

Social bonds are an attractive investment for worldwide institutional and individual investors looking for a socially responsible investment with a clear, unambiguous purpose and a portfolio diversification opportunity with attractive risk-adjusted returns. Although the social bond market has been growing fast, it has so far remained a niche sector.

…Over the last few weeks, several social Covid-19 bonds have already been issued by a number of multilateral institutions and public agencies and are already generating significant investor interest, paving the way for more issuances. The stage is now set for social bonds to move from a niche solution to a mainstream one.

http://archive.today/2021.09.06-173555/https://www.ecmi.eu/sites/default/files/when_financial_markets_save_lives_ecmi_commentary.pdf

Tags Banking, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg, CEPI, Citigroup Inc., COVID-19, European Capital Markets Institute, Finance, Financial Incentives, GAVI Alliance, Goldman Sachs Group Inc., International Finance Facility for Immunisation, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Pharmaceutical Industry, Vaccination, Vaccine Bonds

Publications

Coronavirus and depression in adults, Great Britain: January to March 2021 – ONS

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 5 May 2021

1.Main points
Around 1 in 5 (21%) adults experienced some form of depression in early 2021 (27 January to 7 March); this is an increase since November 2020 (19%) and more than double that observed before the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (10%).
Around 1 in 3 (35%) adults who reported being unable to afford an unexpected expense of £850 experienced depressive symptoms in early 2021, compared with 1 in 5 (21%) adults before the pandemic; for adults who were able to afford this expense, rates increased from 5% to 13%. Over the period 27 January to 7 March 2021:

Younger adults and women were more likely to experience some form of depression, with over 4 in 10 (43%) women aged 16 to 29 years experiencing depressive symptoms, compared with 26% of men of the same age.
Disabled (39%) and clinically extremely vulnerable (CEV) adults (31%) were more likely to experience some form of depression than non-disabled (13%) and non-CEV adults (20%).
A higher proportion of adults renting their home experienced some form of depression (31%) when compared with adults who own their home outright (13%).
Almost 3 in 10 (28%) adults living in the most deprived areas of England experienced depressive symptoms; this compares with just under 2 in 10 (17%) adults in the least deprived areas of England.

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/coronavirusanddepressioninadultsgreatbritain/januarytomarch2021

Tags Charts, Collateral Damage, COVID-19, Depression, Mental Health, Office for National Statistics, Side-effects, Statistics, UK

Publications

Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – CDC

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 4 May 2021

This guidance is intended for clinical laboratory and support staff who handle or process specimens associated with COVID-19. Guidance for Point-Of-Care Testing can be found here.
All laboratories should perform a site-specific and activity-specific risk assessment and follow Standard Precautions when handling clinical specimens. See Biological Risk Assessment: General Considerations for Laboratories
Refer to List Nexternal icon on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website for EPA-registered disinfectants that have qualified under EPA’s emerging viral pathogens program for use against SARS-CoV-2.
Cultures of SARS-CoV-2 should be handled in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory using BSL-3 practices, and inoculation of animals with infectious wild-type SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted in an Animal Biosafety Level 3 (ABSL-3) facility using ABSL-3 practices and respiratory protection.
Suspected and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical specimens, cultures, or isolates should be packed and shipped as UN 3373 Biological Substance, Category B.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/lab-biosafety-guidelines.html

Tags American Biological Safety Association, Biological Safety Level, CDC, Consolidated Sterilizer Systems, Containment Level, COVID-19, Guidance, HEPA, International Society for Advancement of Cytometry, PPE, Research, Safety

Publications

COVID 19 – Media Buying Services – Contracts Finder

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 30 April 2021

The UK Cabinet Office awarded £320,000,000 to OMD GROUP LIMITED for COVID 19 – Media Buying Services in advertising, radio and television. The contract runs between 1st April 2021 to 31 March 2022.

https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/6043d1fd-1f8c-4232-a32a-a658e19abcb1?origin=SearchResults&p=1

Mirror: http://archive.today/LNnYR

Tags Advertising, Contracts Finder, COVID-19, Media, Media Buying, OMD Group Limited, Propaganda, The Cabinet Office, UK

Publications

Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency – Science Direct

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 26 April 2021

Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The odds ratio for COVID-19 increases with vitamin deficiency in black individuals.

Diabetes, obesity, and periodontal disease are associated with an increased risk for both COVID-19 and vitamin D deficiency.

Patients with vitamin D deficiency were 4.6 times more likely to be positive for COVID-19 (indicated by the ICD-10 diagnostic code COVID19) than patients with no deficiency (P < 0.001). The association decreased slightly after adjusting for sex (odds ratio [OR] = 4.58; P < 0.001) and malabsorption (OR = 4.46; P < 0.001), respectively. The association decreased significantly but remained robust (P < 0.001) after adjusting for race (OR = 3.76; P < 0.001), periodontal disease status (OR = 3.64; P < 0.001), diabetes (OR = 3.28; P < 0.001), and obesity (OR = 2.27; P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, patients with vitamin D deficiency were 5 times more likely to be infected with COVID-19 than patients with no deficiency after adjusting for age groups (OR = 5.155; P < 0.001).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900720303890

Tags Cardiovascular Disease, COVID-19, Deficiency, Diabetes, Immunity, Obesity, Periodontal Disease, Science Direct, Vitamin D

Publications

Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards? – MPDI

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 25 April 2021

Many countries introduced the requirement to wear masks in public spaces for containing SARS-CoV-2 making it commonplace in 2020. Up until now, there has been no comprehensive investigation as to the adverse health effects masks can cause. The aim was to find, test, evaluate and compile scientifically proven related side effects of wearing masks. For a quantitative evaluation, 44 mostly experimental studies were referenced, and for a substantive evaluation, 65 publications were found. The literature revealed relevant adverse effects of masks in numerous disciplines. In this paper, we refer to the psychological and physical deterioration as well as multiple symptoms described because of their consistent, recurrent and uniform presentation from different disciplines as a Mask-Induced Exhaustion Syndrome (MIES). We objectified evaluation evidenced changes in respiratory physiology of mask wearers with significant correlation of O₂ drop and fatigue (p < 0.05), a clustered co-occurrence of respiratory impairment and O₂ drop (67%), N95 mask and CO₂ rise (82%), N95 mask and O₂ drop (72%), N95 mask and headache (60%), respiratory impairment and temperature rise (88%), but also temperature rise and moisture (100%) under the masks. Extended mask-wearing by the general population could lead to relevant effects and consequences in many medical fields.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4344/htm

Tags Adverse Drug Reaction, Collateral Damage, COVID-19, Face Masks, Headaches, MPDI, PPE, Psychology, Respiratory Tract, Risk, Side-effects, Studies

Publications

Vaccine Development, Testing, and Regulation – The History of Vaccines

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 21 April 2021

Vaccine development is a long, complex process, often lasting 10-15 years and involving a combination of public and private involvement.

https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/vaccine-development-testing-and-regulation

Tags Development, Government, History, Regulations, Testing, Trials, Vaccination

Publications

Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons – The New England Journal of Medicine

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 21 April 2021

Among 827 participants who had a completed pregnancy, the pregnancy resulted in a live birth in 712 (86.1%), in a spontaneous abortion in 104 (12.6%), in stillbirth in 1 (0.1%), and in other outcomes (induced abortion and ectopic pregnancy) in 10 (1.2%). A total of 96 of 104 spontaneous abortions (92.3%) occurred before 13 weeks of gestation (Table 4), and 700 of 712 pregnancies that resulted in a live birth (98.3%) were among persons who received their first eligible vaccine dose in the third trimester. Adverse outcomes among 724 live-born infants — including 12 sets of multiple gestation — were preterm birth (60 of 636 among those vaccinated before 37 weeks [9.4%]), small size for gestational age (23 of 724 [3.2%]), and major congenital anomalies (16 of 724 [2.2%]); no neonatal deaths were reported at the time of interview. Among the participants with completed pregnancies who reported congenital anomalies, none had received Covid-19 vaccine in the first trimester or periconception period, and no specific pattern of congenital anomalies was observed. Calculated proportions of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes appeared similar to incidences published in the peer-reviewed literature

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2104983

Tags COVID-19, mRNA, Pregancy, Side-effects, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vaccination, Vaccine Damage

Publications

Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards? – Europe PMC

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 20 April 2021

On the one hand, the advocacy of an extended mask requirement remains predominantly theoretical and can only be sustained with individual case reports, plausibility arguments based on model calculations and promising in vitro laboratory tests. Moreover, recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 show both a significantly lower infectivity and a significantly lower case mortality than previously assumed, as it could be calculated that the median corrected infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.10% in locations with a lower than average global COVID-19 population mortality rate. In early October 2020, the WHO also publicly announced that projections show COVID-19 to be fatal for approximately 0.14% of those who become ill—compared to 0.10% for endemic influenza—again a figure far lower than expected.

On the other hand, the side effects of masks are clinically relevant.

…We not only found evidence in the reviewed mask literature of potential long-term effects, but also evidence of an increase in direct short-term effects with increased mask-wearing time in terms of cumulative effects for: carbon dioxide retention, drowsiness, headache, feeling of exhaustion, skin irritation (redness, itching) and microbiological contamination (germ colonization).

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33923935

Tags Collateral Damage, COVID-19, Europe PMC, Face Masks, Side-effects

Publications

First case of postmortem study in a patient vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 – NCBI

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 16 April 2021

A previously symptomless 86-year-old man received the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. He died 4 weeks later from acute renal and respiratory failure. Although he did not present with any COVID-19-specific symptoms, he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before he died. Spike protein (S1) antigen-binding showed significant levels for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, while nucleocapsid IgG/IgM was not elicited. Acute bronchopneumonia and tubular failure were assigned as the cause of death at autopsy; however, we did not observe any characteristic morphological features of COVID-19. Postmortem molecular mapping by real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed relevant SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values in all organs examined (oropharynx, olfactory mucosa, trachea, lungs, heart, kidney and cerebrum) except for the liver and olfactory bulb. These results might suggest that the first vaccination induces immunogenicity but not sterile immunity.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051011/

Tags Autopsy, BNT162b2, Cause of Death, COVID-19, Germany, Immunity, mRNA, NCBI, SARS-CoV-2, Side-effects, Spike Protein, Sterile Immunity, Vaccination, Vaccine Damage

News Publications

Seven Peer-Reviewed Studies That Agree: Lockdowns Do Not Suppress the Coronavirus – Lockdown Sceptics

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 15 April 2021

There have been at least seven peer-reviewed studies which look at the question of lockdowns from a data point of view, and all of them come to the same basic conclusion: lockdowns do not have a statistically significant relationship with Covid cases or deaths. Here is a list of them with a key quote for ease of reference.

“Comparing weekly mortality in 24 European countries, the findings in this paper suggest that more severe lockdown policies have not been associated with lower mortality. In other words, the lockdowns have not worked as intended.” “Did Lockdown Work? An Economist’s Cross-Country Comparison” by Christian Bjørnskov. CESifo Economic Studies March 29th, 2021.
“Stringency of the measures settled to fight pandemia, including lockdown, did not appear to be linked with death rate.” “Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited Margins of Adaptation” by Quentin De Larochelambert, Andy Marc, Juliana Antero, Eric Le Bourg, and Jean-François Toussaint. Frontiers in Public Health, November 19th, 2020.
“Lockdowns do not reduce COVID-19 deaths.” “Government mandated lockdowns do not reduce Covid-19 deaths: implications for evaluating the stringent New Zealand response” by John Gibson. New Zealand Economic Papers, August 25th, 2020.
“While small benefits cannot be excluded, we do not find significant benefits on case growth of more restrictive NPIs.” “Assessing Mandatory Stay‐at‐Home and Business Closure Effects on the Spread of COVID‐19” by Eran Bendavid, Christopher Oh, Jay Bhattacharya, John P.A. Ioannidis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, January 5th, 2021.
“Previous studies have claimed that shelter-in-place orders saved thousands of lives, but we reassess these analyses and show that they are not reliable. We find that shelter-in-place orders had no detectable health benefits, only modest effects on behaviour, and small but adverse effects on the economy.” “Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic” by Christopher R. Berry, Anthony Fowler, Tamara Glazer, Samantha Handel-Meyer, and Alec MacMillen, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, April 13th, 2021.
“We were not able to explain the variation of deaths per million in different regions in the world by social isolation, herein analysed as differences in staying at home, compared to baseline. In the restrictive and global comparisons, only 3% and 1.6% of the comparisons were significantly different, respectively.” “Stay-at-home policy is a case of exception fallacy: an internet-based ecological study,” by R. F. Savaris, G. Pumi, J. Dalzochio & R. Kunst. Scientific Reports (Nature), March 5th, 2021.
“Full lockdowns and wide-spread COVID-19 testing were not associated with reductions in the number of critical cases or overall mortality.” “A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes” by Rabail Chaudhry, George Dranitsaris, Talha Mubashir, Justyna Bartoszko, Sheila Riazi. EClinicalMedicine (The Lancet) 25 (2020) 100464, July 21st, 2020.

https://lockdownsceptics.org/2021/04/15/seven-peer-reviewed-studies-that-agree-lockdowns-do-not-suppress-the-coronavirus/

Tags Collateral Damage, COVID-19, Economy, Government, Government Intervention, Lockdown Sceptics, Mortality Rate, Peer-Review, Policy