Research

Browse the articles related to this topic below.

Classical peer review: an empty gun – Springer Nature

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 15 January 2023

Published 20 December 2010

If peer review was a drug it would never be allowed onto the market,’ says Drummond Rennie, deputy editor of the Journal Of the American Medical Association and intellectual father of the international congresses of peer review that have been held every four years since 1989. Peer review would not get onto the market because we have no convincing evidence of its benefits but a lot of evidence of its flaws.

Yet, to my continuing surprise, almost no scientists know anything about the evidence on peer review. It is a process that is central to science – deciding which grant proposals will be funded, which papers will be published, who will be promoted, and who will receive a Nobel prize. We might thus expect that scientists, people who are trained to believe nothing until presented with evidence, would want to know all the evidence available on this important process. Yet not only do scientists know little about the evidence on peer review but most continue to believe in peer review, thinking it essential for the progress of science. Ironically, a faith based rather than an evidence based process lies at the heart of science.

https://archive.today/2019.11.15-190847/https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr2742

Tags ACP Journal Club, BMJ, Errors, Healthcare, Journal Of the American Medical Association, Lancet, Medicine, Peer-Review, Professor John Ioannidis, Research, Richard Smith, Science, Springer Nature, Studies, The Cochrane Collaboration, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine

Opinion

Why Academics Are Writing Junk That Nobody Reads – intellectualtakeoutWhy Academics Are Writing Junk That Nobody Reads – Intellectual Takeout

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 5 January 2023

The goal of all professors is to get tenure, and right now, tenure continues to be awarded based in part on how many peer-reviewed publications they have. Tenure committees treat these publications as evidence that the professor is able to conduct mature research.

Sadly, however, many academic articles today are merely exercises in what one professor I knew called “creative plagiarism” — rearrangements of previous research with a new thesis appended on to them.

https://intellectualtakeout.org/2023/01/academic-writing-nobody-reads/

Tags Academia, Intellectual Takeout, Journals, Peer-Review, Research, Studies

News

Top virologists betrayed science with their Covid lab leak cover-up – The Telegraph

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 24 November 2022

In March 2020, some colleagues in Parliament, knowing I was interested in genetics and medicine, asked me if I thought Covid began with a lab leak. “No,” I replied confidently. In this I relied on conversations with expert virologists and a paper that five of them published in Nature Medicine categorically ruling it out: “Our analyses clearly show that Sars-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposely manipulated virus.”

Today, I feel betrayed. Thanks to emails released under Freedom of Information this week, we now know that they did think a lab leak was possible, and the evidence that they then used to dismiss it was faulty.

http://archive.today/2022.11.24-182434/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/11/24/top-virologists-betrayed-science-covid-lab-leak-cover-up/

Tags China, Cover-up, COVID-19, Dr. Fauci, Dr. Francis Collins, Freedom Of Information Request, Lab Leak, Microbiology, Mutation, Professor Lawrence Young, Research, SARS-CoV-2, Science, Sir Jeremy Farrar, Sir Patrick Vallance, The Telegraph, The Wellcome Trust, Virology, Warwick University

News

European Commission will invest over $2.5 billion in brain mapping and ‘wonder material’ graphene

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 21 November 2022

Article published 28 January 2013.

Graphene — a thin, flexible atom-thick layer of carbon arranged in a honeycomb pattern — could one day revolutionize our electronics industry, and the European Commission hopes to spur development with up to €1 billion ($1.33 billion) in funding. The EC has officially announced two flagship projects for its Future and Emerging Technologies program, which will fund hundreds of research groups. The first will focus on developing practical uses for graphene, by integrating it with existing silicon-based technology or replacing silicon altogether. One long-running goal is to build cheap, efficient, and flexible semiconductors based on graphene, which the EC calls the “wonder material of the 21st Century.”

The second flagship is the “Human Brain Project,” whose goal is to create a detailed map of the human brain. With a sufficiently detailed model, researchers hope they can facilitate new insight into treating neurological diseases, developing medications, and even creating parallel computing systems based on how humans think. Two other finalists, not chosen as flagships, were a plan to promote wearable health devices and a supercomputer that would track economic and social shifts.

http://archive.today/2022.11.21-114046/https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/28/3924332/european-commission-funds-graphene-and-human-brain-project

Tags European Commission, Future and Emerging Technologies, Graphene, Health, Human Brain Project, Investments, Research, Technology, Tracking

News

Red meat is not a health risk. New study slams years of shoddy research – Big Think

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 November 2022

Studies have been linking red meat consumption to health problems like heart disease, stroke, and cancer for years, but these invariably suffer from methodological limitations.

In an unprecedented effort, health scientists at the University of Washington scrutinized decades of research on red meat consumption and its links to various health outcomes, introducing a new way to assess health risks in the process.

They only found weak evidence that unprocessed red meat consumption is linked to colorectal cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and ischemic heart disease, and no link at all between eating red meat and stroke.

http://archive.today/2022.12.30-120015/https://bigthink.com/health/red-meat-cancer-not-health-risk/

Tags Diet, Dietary Change, Dr. Emmanuela Gakidou, Errors, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Meat, Meat Consumption, Research, Studies, The Great Reset, University of Washington

Publications

Publishing: The peer-review scam – Nature

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 10 October 2022

Published 26 November 2014

When a handful of authors were caught reviewing their own papers, it exposed weaknesses in modern publishing systems. Editors are trying to plug the holes.

http://archive.today/2022.10.10-144103/https://www.nature.com/articles/515480a

Tags Elsevier, Fraud, Informa, Journal of Vibration and Control, Journals, Misinformation, Nature, Nature Publishing Group, Peer-Review, PLOS ONE, Research, SAGE, Science, Springer, Taylor & Francis, The Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley

News

More evidence Covid was tinkered with in a lab? Now scientists find virus contains tiny chunk of DNA that matches sequence patented by Moderna THREE YEARS before pandemic began – Daily Mail

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 23 February 2022

Genetic match discovered in Covid’s unique furin cleavage site on spike protein
Matched genetic sequence patented by Moderna for cancer research purposes
Researchers say one in 3trillion chance Covid developed the code naturally

http://archive.today/2022.02.24-054810/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10542309/Fresh-lab-leak-fears-study-finds-genetic-code-Covids-spike-protein-linked-Moderna-patent.html

News

£200m Covid vaccine factory put up for sale after failing to produce a single dose – The Telegraph

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 February 2022

In the two years since, ministers have been racing to rectify this. The spread of Covid spurred the Government to funnel more than £200m of taxpayer cash into a new Vaccine Manufacturing & Innovation Centre (VMIC), with hopes of bringing forward the opening date to summer 2021 and delivering millions of doses to get the population jabbed.

Although the money went in, jabs have yet to come out. More than six months after it was slated to open, VMIC’s doors are still closed. Its role in beating Covid has been non-existent.

Now, the mega-vaccine plant is up for sale – a step insiders say was unavoidable. “Without a buyer, VMIC would fail or it wouldn’t open,” one Westminster source says.

http://archive.today/2022.02.12-152154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/02/12/200m-covid-vaccine-factory-put-sale-failing-produce-single-dose/

Tags AstraZeneca, COVID-19, Funding, Government, Oxford Biomedica, Pfizer, Pharmaceutical Industry, Policy, Private Sector, Research, Research and Development, Test and Trace, UK, Vaccination, Vaccine Manufacturing & Innovation Centre, Waste

News

AstraZeneca sees $4B in COVID vaccine sales as revenue soars – AP News

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 10 February 2022

AstraZeneca recorded a big jump in revenue on Thursday as it begins to take a profit from its coronavirus vaccine for the first time.

The company recorded full-year revenues of $37.4 billion, an increase of 38% from the year before at constant exchange rates. Part of the boost came from $4 billion in sales of its COVID-19 vaccine, developed with the University of Oxford.

Despite rising revenue, AstraZeneca reported a pre-tax loss of $265 million due to costs from its purchase of U.S. drug company Alexion Pharmaceuticals and new drug research.

The Anglo-Swedish drugmaker said in November it would begin to take a “modest” profit from the COVID-19 shot, which it had been providing “at cost” — around $2 to $3 —following an agreement with Oxford. Other COVID-19 vaccine producers, such as Pfizer and Moderna, have been booking hefty profits on their shots all along.

In the three months to September, the company said revenue jumped by about 50%, to a record $9.9 billion. The increase was due to sales of more than $1 billion in COVID-19 vaccines and the inclusion for the first time of some $1.3 billion worth of revenue from its rare disease business unit following the recent acquisition of Alexion.

http://archive.today/2022.02.10-112738/https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-business-health-europe-oxford-d5b4503c4a21afe1a68d6a7a1bc8a460

Tags Alexion Pharmaceuticals, AP News, AstraZeneca, COVID-19, Financial Incentives, Moderna, Pharmaceutical Industry, Research, Revenue, Vaccination

Publications

Report provides references indicating that HEK293 cells were derived from an aborted fetus – The Niche

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 16 December 2021

The following recent report provides references indicating that HEK293 cells were derived from an aborted fetus:
Sander Lee, T., Feeney, M.B., Schmainda, K. M., Sherley, J. L., and Prentice, D. A. (2020) “Human Fetal Tissue from Elective Abortions in Research and Medicine: Science, Ethics, and Law.” Issues in Law & Med 35, 3-61.
Footnote 81 in the article provides the following link:
https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170404095417/https:/www.fda.gov/ohrms/
dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3750t1_01.pdf
This link provides a 2001 US-FDA Meeting Transcript of the FDA-CBER Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee. It contains the testimony of scientist Alex J. van der Eb, Ph.D., who participated in the development of HEK293 cells. On page 81 of the transcript, when describing the derivation of HEK293 cells, which were a focus of the committee meeting, Dr. van der Eb states:
“So the kidney material, the fetal kidney material was as follows. The kidney of the fetus was, with an unknown family history, was obtained in 1972 probably. The precise date is not known anymore. The fetus, as far as I can remember was completely normal. Nothing was wrong. The reasons for the abortion were unknown to me. I probably knew it at that time, but it got lost, all this information.”

https://archive.ph/Ho1vV#comment-44067

https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170404095417/https:/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3750t1_01.pdf

Tags Aborted Fetal Cells, Abortion, BNT162b2, Dr James L Sherley, Fetal Cells, HEK293T, Moderna, Professor Paul Knoepfler PhD, Research, The Niche, Vaccination

Publications

Explainer on 293 or HEK cells and their use in COVID vaccines – The Niche

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 16 December 2021

What’s the deal with 293 cells and COVID-19 vaccine production?
There has been a lot of confusion and even misinformation about 293 cells out there related to the pandemic.

Different types of 293 cells have been used in research on COVID-19 vaccines by different manufacturers, but there are no cells in the actual vaccines. Some have gotten that wrong.

Also, 293s are not stem cells and, more specifically, are quite different from human embryonic stem cells. This has also often been an area of confusion.
What about at the ethical or moral level? I personally see no problem in vaccine research and production using 293 or other human cells.
The uncertainty over the origin of the fetus used to make 293 cells leaves things a little fuzzy in that regard, but I’d said it also makes it harder to somehow condemn 293 cells as immoral to use in research, if that’s one’s agenda.

http://archive.today/2022.07.01-165654/https://ipscell.com/2021/12/293-cells/

Tags Aborted Fetal Cells, Abortion, BNT162b2, Fetal Cells, HEK293T, Moderna, Professor Paul Knoepfler PhD, Research, The Niche, Vaccination

News

Here are the facts about fetal cell lines and COVID-19 vaccines – National Geographic

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 19 November 2021

In the wake of federal vaccine mandates in the U.S., debate has erupted over the waves of fire fighters,police staff, and other workers who have applied for religious exemptions to getting their COVID-19 shots. The number of applications is likely to spike as the January 4 vaccination deadline nears for large private businesses and some healthcare facilities. And one common reason people give for religious exemptions is the link between vaccines and human fetal cells.

It’s true that such cells have been used either in the testing or development and production of COVID-19 vaccines. The cells are grown in a laboratory and were derived from a few elective abortions performed more than three decades ago. These same cell lines are also used to test and advance our understanding of several routine drugs, including acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin, and they continue to be used for treatment research in diseases such as Alzheimer’s and hypertension.

http://archive.today/2022.01.28-071320/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/here-are-the-facts-about-fetal-cell-lines-and-covid-19-vaccines

Tags Aborted Fetal Cells, Abortion, BNT162b2, COVID-19, Fetal Cells, HEK293T, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, mRNA, National Geographic, PER.C6, Pfizer, Research, Spike Protein, The Niche, Vaccination, WI-38

Opinion Videos

Conscience & Vaccines – Fr. Ambrose Astor, Lumen Fidei Institute

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 November 2021

Those who have received the vaccine should, however, examine their conscience and ask themselves what exactly they knew at the time. If they knew nothing about the ethical issues, was this for lack of having taking the trouble to find out? Ignorance is sometimes culpable. However in those who have a duty to know (priests, doctors, government officials, judges), it is always culpable.

https://www.lum enfidei.ie/c onscience-vaccines/

Opinion

Vaccine Control Group – The Mind Renewed with Julian Charles

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 11 September 2021

Julian Charles of The Mind Renewed podcast interviews Diny Fielder-van Kleeff from The Vaccine Control Group.

We are joined by the author Diny Fielder-van Kleeff, co-founder of the Vaccine Control Group—or, more fully, the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Control Group—for an in-depth interview on the aims and objectives of this intriguiging and potentially highly significant “community cooperative” study.

“The Vaccine Control Group is a worldwide independent long-term study that is seeking to provide a baseline of data from unvaccinated individuals for comparative analysis with the vaccinated population, to evaluate the success of the Covid-19 mass vaccination programme and assist future research projects. This study is not, and will never be, associated with any pharmaceutical enterprise as its impartiality is of paramount importance. The VaxControlGroup is a community cooperative, for the people. All monies raised will be re-invested into the project and its community.”—VaxControlGroup

https://www.themindrenewed.com/interviews/2021/1446-int-197

Tags Adverse Drug Reaction, Audio, Civil Liberties, Coercion, COVID-19, Freedom, Gillick Competency, Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, Research, Studies, The Mind Renewed, Trials, Vaccination, Vaccine Damage

Publications

“He who pays the piper calls the tune”: Researcher experiences of funder suppression of health behaviour intervention trial findings – PLOS ONE

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 18 August 2021

Background
Governments commonly fund research with specific applications in mind. Such mechanisms may facilitate ‘research translation’ but funders may employ strategies that can also undermine the integrity of both science and government. We estimated the prevalence and investigated correlates of funder efforts to suppress health behaviour intervention trial findings.

Conclusions
One in five researchers in this global sample reported being pressured to delay, alter, or not publish the findings of health behaviour intervention trials. Regulation of funder and university practices, establishing study registries, and compulsory disclosure of funding conditions in scientific journals, are needed to protect the integrity of public-good research.

http://archive.today/2021.08.26-220224/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255704

Tags COVID-19, Fraud, Medical Research, PLOS ONE, Research, Suppression, Trials

News

Health researchers report funder pressure to suppress results – Nature

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 18 August 2021

Government agencies such as health departments might be more inclined to intervene if findings from a study they commissioned are not as expected or if they are heavily invested in the health intervention — such as an education or health programme — being trialled, she adds.

A 2016 inquiry into the delayed publication of research commissioned by UK government agencies identified cases in which publication was “manipulated to fit with political concerns”. More recently, the British Medical Journal reported four instances of politicization and suppression of science in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic.

http://archive.today/2021.08.20-134039/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02242-x

Tags AllTrials Campaign, BMJ, COVID-19, Fraud, Government, Manipulation, Medical Research, Nature, Pharmaceutical Industry, PLOS ONE, Politics, Public Health, Research, Suppression, University of Edinburgh, University of South Australia

News

Genetically engineered ‘Magneto’ protein remotely controls brain and behaviour – The Guardian (2016)

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 12 July 2021

Article from 24 Mar 2016

Researchers in the United States have developed a new method for controlling the brain circuits associated with complex animal behaviours, using genetic engineering to create a magnetised protein that activates specific groups of nerve cells from a distance.

https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2016/mar/24/magneto-remotely-controls-brain-and-behaviour

http://archive.today/2022.01.22-042350/https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2016/mar/24/magneto-remotely-controls-brain-and-behaviour

Publications

Time to assume that health research is fraudulent until proven otherwise? – BMJ

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 5 July 2021

Stephen Lock, my predecessor as editor of The BMJ, became worried about research fraud in the 1980s, but people thought his concerns eccentric. Research authorities insisted that fraud was rare, didn’t matter because science was self-correcting, and that no patients had suffered because of scientific fraud. All those reasons for not taking research fraud seriously have proved to be false, and, 40 years on from Lock’s concerns, we are realising that the problem is huge, the system encourages fraud, and we have no adequate way to respond.

Time to assume that health research is fraudulent until proven otherwise?

http://archive.today/2021.08.21-072242/https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/07/05/time-to-assume-that-health-research-is-fraudulent-until-proved-otherwise/

Tags BMJ, COVID-19, Fraud, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Medical Research, Professor Ben Mol, Professor Ian Roberts, Research, The Cochrane Collaboration

Publications

Biosafety Level Guidance for COVID-19 Research – Consolidated Sterilizer Systems

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 4 June 2021

A Biological Safety Level (BSL 1, 2, 3, or 4) is assigned to a biological lab as a safeguard to protect laboratory personnel, as well as the surrounding environment and community.

With research into potential treatments, therapies and vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus (known widely as the COVID-19 Coronavirus) exploding across the globe, many institutions and laboratories are wondering whether their equipment and lab are considered safe to contain samples of the virus. As discussed in our previous blog on biosafety levels, airborne transmissible diseases like COVID-19 are typically categorized as Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3). BSL-3 laboratories are almost always purpose-constructed containment laboratories, outfitted with specialized equipment and HVAC systems designed to ensure no airborne particles can exit the contained space.

https://consteril.com/biosafety-level-guidance-covid-19-research/

Tags American Biological Safety Association, Biological Safety Level, Biological Safety Level 2, Consolidated Sterilizer Systems, Containment Level, COVID-19, HEPA, International Society for Advancement of Cytometry, PPE, Research, Safety, SARS-CoV-2

Publications

COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates and Abortion-Derived Cell Lines – Charlotte Lozier Institute

Post author By EvidenceNotFear
Post date 2 June 2021

Accurate information about the development and production of COVID-19 vaccines is essential, especially because many proposed candidates use newer molecular technologies for production of a viral vaccine. One concern regarding the ethical assessment of viral vaccine candidates is the potential use of abortion-derived cell lines in the development, production or testing of a vaccine. This analysis utilizes data from the primary scientific literature when available, along with data from clinical trial documents, reputable vaccine tracking websites, and published commercial information.1 It is the hope that by providing accurate data, recipients can make well-informed decisions regarding vaccine choices.

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Candidates *Last Updated 2 June 2021*					DOES NOT USE abortion-derived cell line DOES USE abortion-derived cell line SOME tests DO NOT use abortion-derived cells, SOME DO. � Currently undetermined
Sponsor(s)¹	Country	Strategy²	Clinical Trial Status³	Public Funding⁴	Design & Development	Production	Confirm-atory Lab Tests

WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE – LIVE ATTENUATED or INACTIVATED
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm	China	Inactivated virus “BBIBP-CorV” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 7May2021 Early approval in China Phase 3 Phase 3		Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020	Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020	Cytopathic test Vero monkey cells Wang et al., Cell 182, P713, 6Aug2020
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm	China	Inactivated virus “New Crown COVID-19” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Early approval in China Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020	Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020	Plaque reduction neutralization test Vero monkey cells Xia et al., JAMA 324, 951, 13Aug2020
Bharat Biotech/Indian Council of Medical Research	India	Inactivated virus “BBV152” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	India EUA granted Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020	Vero monkey cells Yadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020	Antibody ELISA Plaque reduction Vero monkey cellsYadav et al., ResearchSquare 10Sept2020
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	China	Inactivated virus “SARS-CoV-2 vaccine” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020	Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020	Antibody ELISA Neutralizing antibody cytopathic effect Vero monkey cells Pu et al., medRxiv, 6Oct2020 Supplement
John Paul II Medical Research Institute	USA	Live attenuated virus	Pre-clinical		Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy	Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	�
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems	Kazakhstan	Inactivated virus “QazCovid-in” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		�	�	�
Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd.	China	Inactivated virus “CoronaVac” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) 1June2021 Phase 4 China granted conditional marketing authorization 8Feb2021 Chile, Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia EUA granted Phase 3 Early approval in China Phase 3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020	protein test HEK293 cells Supplement Gao et al., Science 369, 77, 3July2020
Valneva and Dynavax	France USA UK	Inactivated Virus “VLA2001” plus adjuvant CpG1018 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Same platform as IXIARO, Valneva press release, 22April2020 Valneva COVID-19 – VLA2001	�

VIRAL VECTOR-BASED VACCINE
Altimmune	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “AdCOVID” Given: Intranasal 1-2 doses	Phase 1/2		PER.C6 cells	PER.C6 cells Same platform as NasoVAX NasoVAX uses PER.C6 Licensed PER.C6 from Janssen
AstraZeneca University of Oxford	USA UK	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “AZD1222” “ChAdOX1nCoV-19” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	WHO granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on 15Feb2021 UK EUA granted India EUA granted Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2/3 Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1.2 Billion CEPI up to $384 Million	HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells van Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020	HEK293 cellsvan Doremalen et al., Nature, 30July2020 MRC-5 cells Almuqrin et al., ResearchSquare 20Oct2020
CanSino Biologics, Inc. Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China	China	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “Ad5-nCoV” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	EUA in Chile, Hungary, Pakistan, Mexico Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 1		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Biospace, 12May2020
Gamaleya Research Institute	Russia	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vectors (rAd26-S+rAd5-S) “Gam-COVID-Vac” “Sputnik V” Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 EUA in 39 countries as of Mar2021 Early approval in Russia August 2020 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Gamaleya has not published details on this vaccine, but has posted information on use of cell lines for their other adenoviral vaccines
ImmunityBio and NantKwest	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector recombinant “hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD” Given: Subcutaneous	Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1		E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells) Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020	E.C7 cells (derivative of HEK293 cells) Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020	Protein and antibody tests HEK293T cells Rice et al., bioRxiv 30July2020 Seiling et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Institut Pasteur and Themis and Merck	USA France	Replication-competent recombinant measles virus “TMV-083” Given: Intramuscular	Development Discontinued Phase 1/2Phase 1	CEPI up to $4.9 Million	HEK293T Development and rescue of recombinant measles virus Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement “SARS-CoV-2 S-encoding vaccine candidates… were generated as described previously”	Vero monkey cells Hörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement	Lentiviral vectors for antigenic DCFusogenic testHEK293TFusogenic testS protein expressionVero monkey cellsHörner et al., PNAS 22Dec2020 Hörner et al. Supplement
Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR)	Israel	Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “IIBR-100” Given: Intramuscular1 dose	Phase 1/2		BHK hamster cells Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020	Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020	Plaque reduction; immunofluorescence Vero monkey cells Yahalom-Ronen et al., bioRxiv 19June2020
Janssen Research & Development, Inc. Johnson & Johnson	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “Ad26.COV2-S” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose (some trials use 2 doses, 8 weeks apart)	FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,457,887,081 total	PER.C6 cells	PER.C6 cells Tostanoski et al., Nature Medicine, 3Sept2020; J&J, 30March2020; Janssen Vaccine Technologies
Laboratorio Avi-Mex	Mexico	Live recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing spike-fusion chimeric protein “Patria” Given: Intramuscular or Intranasal	Phase 1		Bacterial cells BSRT7 hamster cells Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020	� Chicken eggs Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020	� Neutralization Assay Vero monkey cells Per Sun et al., Vaccines 17Dec2020
Meissa Vaccines, Inc.	USA	Live attenuated recombinant RSV viral vector “MV-014-210” Given: Intranasal 1-3 doses (5 weeks apart)	Phase 1			Vero monkey cells Spike expressing, Based on recombinant RSV platform	�
Rega Institute, KU Leuven	Belgium	Replication-competent attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) vector “YF-S0” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Pre-clinical		BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020	BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020	Antibody titer Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Immunoblot BHK-21J hamster cells Sanchez-Felipe et al., Nature, 1Dec2020
ReiThera	Italy	Replication-deficient simian adenovirus encoding S “GRAd COV2” Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Phase 2/3 Phase 1		HEK293T cells Development and rescue of recombinant Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020	HEK293T cells Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020	HEK293T cells Capone et al., bioRxiv 22Oct2020
Merck and IAVI	USA	Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) “V590” Given: Intramuscular	Development Discontinued Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $38,033,570	Vero monkey cells	Vero monkey cells Use rVSV Ervebo platform Ervebo uses Vero cell culture-11 Description	�
Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute	China	Lentivirus minigenes + Adult human APC (antigen-presenting cells) “COVID-19/aAPC” Given: Subcutaneous 3 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 1		�		�
Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute	China	Lentivirus minigenes + Adult human CD/T cells (dendritic cells and T cells) “LV-SMENP-DC” Given: Subcutaneous and Intravenous 1 dose	Phase 1/2		�		�
Vaxart	USA	Replication-deficient Adenovirus vector “VXA-CoV2-1” plus dsRNA adjuvant Given: Oral 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Moore et al., bioRxiv 6Sept2020
PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences	China	Protein vaccine Recombinant RBD dimer plus adjuvant ”ZF2001” Given: Intramuscular 2 or 3 doses (28 days apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1		HEK293T cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020	CHO hamster cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Dai et al., Cell 6Aug2020
Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.	China	Protein vaccine “SCB-2019” plus adjuvant CpG 1018 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1	CEPI up to $69.5 Million	cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells Liang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020 Trimer-Tag system; Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017	CHO hamster cells Trimer-Tag system; Liu et al., Scientific Reports 2017	PseudovirusHEK293 cellsRef’d: Nie et al., Emerging Microbes & Infections 24Mar2020Cytopathic effect Vero monkey cellsLiang et al., bioRxiv, 24Sept2020
COVAXX and United Biomedical	USA Taiwan	Protein vaccine “UB-612” S1-RBD-protein; Multitope Peptide-Based Vaccine (MVP) Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1		cDNA in expression vector; transfect CHO hamster cells Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020	CHO hamster cells Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020	Antibody blocked binding to hACE2 HEK293 Guirakhoo et al., bioRxiv, 30Nov2020
Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vektor”	Russia	Protein vaccine “EpiVacCorona” chemically synthesized peptide antigens of SARS-CoV-2, conjugated to a carrier protein adsorbed on an aluminum-containing adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Early approval in Russia Oct 2020 Phase 1/2		�	chemically synthesized peptide antigens	�
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Cuba	Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-1” (“Soberana 01”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2 Phase 1		� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	�
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Cuba	Protein vaccine “Finlay-FR-2” (“Soberana 02”) Receptor-binding domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 spike chemically bound tetanus toxoid + adjuvant Given: Intramuscular2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2 Phase 1		� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	� RBD produced in mammalian cells Garcia-Rivera, MEDICC Review, 30Oct2020	�
John Paul II Medical Research Institute	USA	Recombinant Protein Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	Pre-clinical		Ethical cell lines as a matter of policy	Perinatal human cells (term umbilical cord and placental)	�
Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc. (British American Tobacco)	USA	Protein vaccine “KBP-201” Plant-expressed RBD Given: Intramuscular2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2		Recombinant DNA sequence for RBD of SARS-CoV-2	Plant expression of RBD peptide	�
Medicago	Canada	Protein on Virus-Like Particle “CoVLP” Plant-expressed spike protein particle with adjuvant, CpG1018 or AS03 Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1		Recombinant DNA sequence in Agrobacterium, transformation of plant cells	Plant expression of protein and VLP Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Ward et al., medRxiv 6Nov2020
Migal Galilee Research Institute	Israel	Protein vaccine E. coli expressed chimeric S and N proteins Given: Oral	Pre-clinical		�	Bacterial production system MigVax’s corona subunit vaccine	�
Novavax	USA	Protein vaccine “NVX-CoV2373” Baculovirus expression plus Matrix M adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1,600,434,523 CEPI up to $388 Million		Sf9 insect cells Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020 Bangaru et al., Supplement Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020; Graphical view	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Bangaru et al., Science, 27Nov2020 Bangaru et al., Supplement Bangaru et al., bioRxiv preprint, 6Aug2020
Sanofi and GSK Protein Sciences	USA France	Protein vaccine Baculovirus expression plus AS03 adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $2,072,775,336 total	Recombinant baculovirus Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021	Sf9 insect cells Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021 Baculovirus expressed recombinant protein	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells Francica et al., bioRxiv 2Mar2021
Sorrento	USA	Protein vaccine “T-VIVA-19” SARS-Cov-2 spike protein S1 domain fused with human IgG-Fc Given: Intramuscular	Pre-clinical			CHO cells Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020	Antibody ELISA; Neutralization assays Vero monkey cells Herrmann et al., bioRxiv preprint, 30June2020
Sorrento	USA	Protein vaccine “STI-6991” SARS-Cov-2 spike protein expressed on K562 cells	Pre-clinical		�	K562 cells Concept: Ji et al., Medicine in Drug Discovery March2020	�
University of Pittsburgh	USA	Protein vaccine Adenovirus-expressed recombinant proteins “PittCoVacc” Given: Microneedle arrays	Pre-clinical		HEK293 cells	HEK293 cells Kim et al., EBioMedicine , 2April2020
University of Queensland and CSL Ltd.	Australia	Protein vaccine “V451” Recombinant protein with proprietary molecular clamp Given: Intramuscular	HALTED Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1	CEPI up to $4.5 Million		expiCHO hamster cells	�
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) / U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command	USA	Protein vaccine ”SpFN” Spike-Ferritin nanoparticle with ALFQ adjuvant Given: Intramuscular 2-3 doses (4 weeks apart; plus 6 months after initial injection)	Phase 1		Expi293 cells Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021	Expi293 cells Carmen et al., bioRxiv 28April2021	Pseudovirus HEK293 cells Virus neutralization Vero monkey cells Joyce et al., bioRxiv 25Mar2021 & Supplement

RNA VACCINE
Arcturus Therapeutics	USA	mRNA vaccine self-transcribing, replicating “LUNAR-CoV19” (“ARCT-021”) in vitro transcription reaction with T7 RNA polymerase from STARR plasmid template LUNAR proprietary lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 1 dose	Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020	protein test HEK293 Protein expression Hep3b cells Plaque reduction neutralization Vero monkey cells de Alwis et al., bioRxiv 3Sept2020
CureVac	Germany	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “CVnCoV” in vitro transcription lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1	CEPI up to $15.3 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021	Protein test Reticulocyte lysate, HeLa cells Rauch et al., bioRxiv 9Feb2021
Imperial College London	UK	mRNA vaccine Self-amplifying ”LNP-nCoVsaRNA” in vitro transcription lipid nanoparticle encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses	Phase 1		Expression plasmid HEK293 cells McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021	No cells used McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021	Pseudovirus HEK293T cells McKay et al., bioRxiv 25April2021
Moderna, Inc. with National Institutes of Health	USA	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “mRNA-1273” T7 RNA polymerase-mediated transcription from DNA plasmid template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	*FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved* Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $2,479,894,979 total CEPI up to $1 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Plaque reduction neutralization Vero monkey cells Corbett et al., Nature , 5Aug2020
Pfizer and BioNTech	USA Germany	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “BNT-162a1,b1,b2,b3,c2” nucleoside-modified mRNA in vitro transcribed by T7 polymerase from a plasmid DNA template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	*FDA Emergency Use Authorization Approved* UK EUA granted Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed HHS-BARDA $1.95 Billion	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Neutralization assay Vero monkey cells Vogel et al., bioRxiv 8Sept2020
Providence Therapeutics	Canada	mRNA vaccine “PTX-COVID19-B” mRNA in vitro transcription from plasmid template using T7 RNA polymerase LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1		HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021	No cells used Cision, 5Aug2020 Providence Therapeutics Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021	Pseudovirus, serum neutralization HEK293T cells Vero monkey cells Liu et al., bioRxiv 12May2021
Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio	USA France	mRNA vaccine non-replicating “MRT5500” synthesized by in vitro transcription employing RNA polymerase with a plasmid DNA template LNP (lipid nanoparticle) encapsulated Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (3 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2		HEK293T cells used to select mRNA candidate Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021	No cells used Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021 Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020 mRNA production in the lab ; Translate Bio scientific platform	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Kalnin et al., npj Vaccines 19Apr2021 Kalnin et al., bioRxiv 14Oct2020

DNA VACCINE
Genexine	Korea	DNA vaccine “GX-19” DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector Given: Intramuscular and Electroporation 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021	No cells used Seo et al., Vaccines 24March2021
Inovio Pharmaceuticals	USA	DNA vaccine “INO-4800” DNA synthesized in vitro, placed in plasmid vector Given: Intradermal Electroporation 2 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 2 Phase 1/2 Phase 1	Operation Warp Speed CEPI up to $22.5 Million	Sequence designed on computer	No cells used Smith et al., Nature 20May2020	protein test & pseudovirus HEK293 cells Smith et al., Nature 20May2020
Osaka University, AnGes, Takara Bio	Japan	DNA vaccine “AG0301-COVID19” “AG0302-COVID19” Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli Pressure injector Given: Intramuscular 2 doses (2 weeks apart)	Phase 2/3 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No cells used E. coli</em Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021	Virus neutralization Vero E6 cells monkey cells Nishikawa et al., bioRxiv, 14Jan2021
Symvivo Corporation	Canada	DNA vaccine “bacTRL-spike” Genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum Given: Oral, bacteria bind to gut lining 1 dose	Phase 1		�	No cells used	�
Zydus Cadila	India	DNA vaccine “ZyCov-D” Chemically synthesized plasmid vector grown in E. coli Given: Intramuscular 3 doses (4 weeks apart)	Phase 3 Phase 1/2		Sequence designed on computer	No eukaryotic cells used E. coli</em Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021	Expression analysis Plaque reduction Vero cells monkey cells Dey et al., bioRxiv, 26Jan2021 Yadav et al., bioRxiv, 3Feb2021

http://archive.today/2022.06.16-202534/https://lozierinstitute.org/update-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-and-abortion-derived-cell-lines/

Tags Aborted Fetal Cells, Abortion, BNT162b2, Charlotte Lozier Institute, COVID-19, Fetal Cells, HEK293T, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, mRNA, PER.C6, Pfizer, Research, Vaccination, WI-38